“Jane Eyre” Compare and Contrast Essay Essay

Characters in the extravagant novel Jane Eyre, composed by Charlotte Bronte, have such expansive yet expand characters and qualities with the goal that separating them from each other would not be a very remarkable test. One of the most significant and immovable character in this novel, Helen Burns, acknowledged broadly by society that she looks like generally to a preacher, in that of comparative attributes. Matching a typical thought, individual, or item with characters explain them to the furthest extent. It is all around acknowledged that Helen Burns would be compared to a minister in light of her confidence in God, In her capacity to spare somebody, and in view of her being dismissed, in the same way as other evangelists today. Confidence in God couldn't be progressively significant for Helen Burns in her comprehension of life as we probably am aware it, her cruel disciplines, and severe lead shape her character and character from a kid. Without her solid confidence and faith in the Lord she would not have had the option to have lived so quiet and resolute. Despite the fact that it is guaranteed that her confidence isn't molded altogether by the Bible, she will in general have a way of thinking of her own, and that will be fairly be an individual and fundamentally stay out of other people's affairs, and to be one’s own individual. â€Å"Hush, Jane! you have a favorable opinion of the adoration for people; you are excessively indiscreet, excessively energetic; the sovereign hand that made your edge, and put life into it, has given you different assets than your self, or than animals weak as you.†(Bronte 8). Helen says that Jane shouldn’t care for what individuals think, and says that she should just be centered around the genuine maker of life and just ensure that she satisfies him and nobody else, despite the fact that she should cherish everyone consistently, and not stimulate any issues with anyone. Helen’s confidence would be the sole explanation of what keeps her solid, and what in the end keeps Jane solid, just as helping her pass away realizing that she would for the last time join with her deliverer †Jesus Christ. Confidence and establishment settles upon the hands of God. A missionary’s occupation is worked around those equivalent structure squares of numerous person today, and without their solid conviction they couldn't do what they excel at. Their confidence causes them lecture the gospel and help their siblings and sisters, mothersâ and fathers, and little girls and children everywhere throughout the world. Without the drive and empathy they have for God, they would not have the option to finish the essential and complex assignments as an individual and to arrive at the brilliant doors of Heaven one day. For instance numerous individuals just by the ways and activities of most christians today gain regard for them by a wide range of sorts of individuals, much the same as how Jane gradually gains regard and comprehension of why Helen turned into a Christian. Teachers ordinary achievements, and activities have the establishment of God worked around them, and simply like Helen Burns keeps them idealistic, and cheerful for another day and what’s to come. The sole goal of Helen Burns’ life was to regard and follow the expression of God, however much to her dismay that one of her destinations initially arranged by God was to help Jane Eyre develop and discover an affection for God too. Helen Burns didn't know however she molded Jane’s life from a youngster and as she developed Helen’s educating and mitigating and savvy words streamed directly out of her. Jane’s character was worked from the savvy words and character of Helen Burns. Without Helen Burns Now it is all around acknowledged that Helen Burns spared Jane Eyre from a searcher to a devotee to God, and this qualifies as a characteristic of a teacher, just as molding Jane’s confused adolescence. A ministers reason in life is to go here and there and attempt to change over individuals into the expression of God. A preacher understands that they spare individuals and that is the thing that somewhat separates Helen Burns from them. Despite the fact that most evangelists are more established men, Helen Burns is a woman and a youthful one at that. Teachers generally spread the news of God from numerous points of view, by being eager, genuine, or clever. Helen Burns carefully stays with the material she knows, and educates Jane Eyre in excess of a thing a two about existence all in all and God. Ministers all things considered spare individuals from wrongdoing, and guide them out of the haziness and into the light of God, much the same as Helen accomplished for Jane. Teachers have to a greater extent an information on how they need to assess someone in particular and what the most ideal way is convert them. Teachers spare individuals ordinary utilizing various strategies and thinki ng, and at long last they wind up helping individuals get steps nearer to God. Helen Burns simply like some other devotee to Christ turns out to be consistently becomesâ rejected by some way, shape, or type of society. From the outset Jane doesn't think anything about the expression of God then she begins to connect it with a fantasy suggesting that it’s basically false, there can be no spot as paradise, and the possibility of God being dark. Being a little youngster and not realizing better could be a genuine clarification for this conduct, anyway when she understands how quiet and undaunted Helen’s activities are with her hard existence of continually being rebuffed for the littlest things, and being singled out by savage educators, she starts to understand the strengthening of Christ. Helen Burns turns into a dismissal confidence insightful to Jane, however gradually Jane acknowledges truth from lie, much the same as numerous non-adherents today. Helen Burns relates consummately to a minister therefore, on account of times Missionaries are dis missed due to the obstinate skeptics. Some portion of being a minister and essentially what comes in the bundle of this respect, would be that there will consistently be dismissal. Individuals who are uneducated, not ready to learn, or confounded won't set aside the effort to listen to a preacher and tune in to why they ought to trust in the one genuine God. Dismissal, unmistakably comprehended as an unavoidable activity or mental express that happens to be engaged with everything. The consolidation of this in a teachers work is twofold the measure of standard portions of dismissal for the principle reason of, â€Å"There is no, for example, God,† as thought by uneducated agnostics. Much the same as Jane Eyre without allowing Helen to truly talk her heart from the consequence of Jane’s activities, numerous preachers are turned somewhere around people in general in the dislike up they just don’t allow them to hear there contemplations, perspectives, and ethics. When Jane acknowledges how quiet Helen w as that she realized she was going to kick the bucket, since it would allow her to be with God, she understands that there is a God, and paradise would be her last and last goal from that day forward. Without the joining of Helen Burns in this novel, there would not be an establishment to Jane’s life, as she would even now stay a searcher to discover the religion that would suit her needs, and that she would feel was genuine and fundamental to her life. Helen Burns was a the establishment for Jane Eyre as well as the establishment for the novel itself. Similarly as a minister consistently has base and underlying foundations of the individual changed over by them. Helen and a missionaryâ have much in like manner despite the fact that Helen didn't know about how she satisfies this title, and evangelists are. It’s generally acknowledged by society that Helen Burns would need to be one of the best scholarly characters to have at any point been made, and if a greater amount of the world were reveled by her incredible nearness perhaps additionally they also would â€Å"Rise again.† (Bronte 9).

Epic of Beowulf Essay - The Heroic Epic of Beowulf :: Epic Beowulf herobeo

The Heroic Epic of Beowulf        over the span of time, numerous legends have made their name and numerous accounts have been composed to announce their enormity. Be that as it may, none as spellbinding as Beowulf. This Anglo-Saxon epic exhibits it's  power with delightful language, use of kennings, analogies, comparisons, and similar sounding word usage. Likewise, it gives wondrous heavenly creatures as in God, and even of incredible animals as Grendel. On the other hand, it has human battles and distresses.         The absolute first component that is found by perusing this epic is the grandiose language that is utilized. In spite of the fact that, having perused just and passage, the composition is as radiant as the story itself. Similar sounding word usage use and can without much of a stretch perceived in line 33, He discovered them spread in rest, suspecting nothing... which shows the s sound. Another case of similar sounding word usage at work utilizing the p sound is line 160, From my sovereign, no authorization from my kin for your arriving here.         Metaphors give a particular trademark as in line 30 depicting fear as haziness had dropped. Line 128 when cruising over the ocean, depicting the oceans beating on the sand. There are barely any likenesses however one that stands apart most in line 133. The boat frothed through the ocean like a bird... Utilizing like to portray the likeness of the winged creature and how the boat voyaged over the ocean. Presumably the most  significant component of language are the kennings which portray something basic so in a roundabout way. Line 241 portrays obscurity or night by expressing how the moon hangs. Likewise line 325 depicts Grendel in two unique kennings as one type of insidiousness.        Every legend has their method of battling abhorrent or shielding from it. All together to battle an otherworldly being, one must have a superhuman force which brings us to another attribute of epic verse. The absolute first otherworldly being portrayed is the omnipotent God in lines 7-3 at the outset. God is certainly been an extraordinary being a direct result of his capacity and forces that he has. He is for the most part connected with the Earth's starting point and it's inhibitors. Beasts are additionally type of powerful being. In this epic Grendel incites passing and tears up human without thought yet additionally appreciating it.

whats on your mind COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

whats on your mind COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog New York City is experiencing a small heat wave this week.   Luckily only a few [PESP EMPA] students are on campus.   Most of us are hiding in air conditioned (fan blowing) spaces and keeping out of the heat.   This leaves a lot of time to think     and wonder   So whats on your mind?   What would you like to know about SIPA?   About New York City?   Or about the admissions process?   Let us know what you would like to read about this summer on our Blog. Whats on your mind COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog On the road we meet a lot of passionate people some more prepared than others about going to grad school but its always great to meet you and put fears and concerns to rest.  For us, it also allows us to hear your stories and to put a face to a name.  It also adds another touch point for us to find the right people for our programs. Trip to Singapore (Monday) was rewarding met some lovely (and well prepared) prospective candidates and devoted Blog readers thank you for following us.  Hoping to find equally interesting people in Jakarta this evening if you come early   you will be able to sit in on the graduate admissions panel that will start at 4pm (Same location as The APSIA Admissions Forum).  Hope to see there. And again, if there are topics you want us to cover in our blog, let us know.  Were open to suggestions.

Life of Drug Addiction - 1778 Words

INTRODUCTION Addiction is a compulsion obsessed by taking drug for a longer period of time. This may lead to increased body tolerance to the specific drug substance and may also lead in loss of control on withdrawal. Addiction could be referred as being a behaviour of dependence and not as a disease or illness (Edwards, 1982). It is further referred to be defined as a repeated use of a drug or a substance despite knowing about the harms which can occur as a result of using it. When we say that someone is addicted to cigarettes, we clearly wish to refer to an inherent problem to his smoking behaviour and not about the nature and the reasons or factors which has led to the condition but are more interested in the pattern or frequency or the number behind the certain behaviour. To define addiction in a much clearer way, we need to understand and analyse the usage in terms of everyday life. The essence of addiction is not with the difficultly in refraining or failure to refrain but with the attempts to refrain and the obstacles to it. As Benjamin Rush calls it as â€Å"A Disease of the will† and gives the sense of the central predicament of an addicted person (Heather, 1998). THEORIES AND MODELS OF ADDICTION Many theorists have given a lot of different types of conceptualisations for addiction. The first broad category associate addiction with the biological, social and psychological dimensions such as gender stigma, peer pressure and culture. Orford (1992) provided a generalShow MoreRelatedEssay on Drug Addiction Treatment1360 Words   |  6 PagesAddiction Drug Treatment Word count – date – 17/8/2010 Description: Addiction drug treatment is a treatment for the person who is having chronic or periodic dependence on the drug by repeated consumption of it. 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Charles Louis De Secondat, Baron De Montesquieu, And...

This could not be truer and better expressed about the rule of governance. That is why James Madison and men like him sought after the influence of some of the greatest minds; Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu, Mark Kishlansky, and Thomas Paine. Each of these men are different in their own rights but all strive for the common accomplishment of the perfect balance and formula for the government and their public. Throughout my term paper elaborate on Montesquieu’s â€Å"Spirit of Laws† chapters twenty two through twenty-six, Mark Kishlansky â€Å"a Monarchy Transformed: Britain 1603-1714† chapters one through two. I will then go on to discuss Thomas Paine’s â€Å"Common Sense† and then return to Montesquieu â€Å"Spirit of Laws† chapters one through thirteen. From these readings, I will go on and discuss their summary of ideas, events, and/or ways of thinking that influenced the constitution. I will also identify the amendments th at were influenced by these readings as well. Montesquieu had an influence on the constitution because of his one idea of religion. Montesquieu believed that the less power religious ideas possess in the political concerns of a country, the more virtuous, happy, free, and at peace with others the people will be. He thought that with human laws, imposed to direct people and their will, must provide direction or rule, and not counsels. On the other hand religion made to esteem the heart, should provide an abundance of counsels and little to none rule. HeShow MoreRelatedThe Separation Of Powers Is The Division Of Political Authority Essay1502 Words   |  7 Pagesbalances to make sure that no solitary branch turn out to be excessively infringes or powerful on the rights of the citizens ( Gray, Kenneth, et.al 2005). The term separation of powers or ‘trias politica’ was formed by Charles-Louis de Secondat, baron de La Brà ¨de et de Montesquieu, an 18th century French political and social philosopher. Spirit of the Law s is one of his publications and considered as one of the tremendous works in the history of and jurisprudence and, political theory; it inspired

Respect for Superiors in Army Free Essays

The basic yet fundamental core element of the army as a whole is respect towards your superiors. Respect is necessary within any entity to project the proper and acceptable levels of cohesion needed to function. Not only must one project the appearance of respect, but truly understand what respect means. We will write a custom essay sample on Respect for Superiors in Army or any similar topic only for you Order Now Since respect can be defined as holding regard or esteem for someone or something, a person must better understand their superiors and surroundings in general. However, due to circumstances within each relationship, whether personal or professional, often times personal issues and concerns must be set aside to reach said levels of cohesion. Removing personal matters or disputes is essential, in most cases, to be able to focus on the tasks at hand and create an efficient work environment. One of the best ways to demonstrate respect for your superiors is to follow the chain of command. By following the chain of command, an example is set, which extends and correlates to all other aspects of ones’ daily life. Never undermining the order and routine set forth by the United States army enables one to obtain personal goals, as well as those set forth by ones’ team. To disregard the need for order would allow chaos to reign, and all objectives would become null. How can the chain pull the cart if one link is missing? Obedience and direction are necessary, something that can only be enacted and provided by ones superiors. To imagine the ramifications that would ensue as a result of not respecting the chain of command is terrifying. Dissent is often contagious, and seeing the insubordination acted out by one person could create a domino effect on their peers. Furthermore, disregarding the respect that should be shown to ones superiors, especially in the presence of fellow personnel, can be extremely embarrassing. To cause any such emotion in someone of your superior is a direct offense, and should not be taken lightly. Full punishment should be demanded and enforced. By making one understand the feeling of chagrin, future incidences can hopefully be avoided. Sometimes it is necessary to strip ones pride to get to the base of ones character, to be able to remold it in the image of the United States army. These things directly contribute to the success of the United States Army. Although there are many factions and aspects of the army and its success, respect is a core element and should, itself, be respected at all times, at any cost. Utilizing respect within a unit, within the army, will transform the lives of those that do so. Their professional and personal lives will be enriched with the lessons that they have learned in service, something that will carry over to their families, or future families. It is important to always remember that although respect is generally a two-way street, all evidence of that vanishes when rank is involved. Equally important to consider still is that without the success of the United States army, personal success can never be achieved. How to cite Respect for Superiors in Army, Papers

Self Evaluation for Multiple Intelligences Test-myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theSelf Evaluation for Multiple Intelligences Test. Answer: Self assessment or self evaluation is essentially a psychological term that is particularly subsumed within the domain of social psychology. Self-assessment means to evaluate the aspects and the criteria that critically define ones identity. In certain situations, it is important to assess the self so as to gain a deeper insight about onself. It calls for self-assessment in several conditions for instance while rebooting self-confidence, looking for motivation etc (Druskat, Mount and Sala 2013). Self-assessment helps an individual to identify the key strengths and weakness and the corresponding impacts on the social and personal being (Goleman, Boyatzis and McKee 2013). My assessment By conducting the Howard Gardeners basic Multiple Intelligences Test and Daniel Golemans EQ Instrument test, I have noticed that my key strength lies in intrapersonal and musical skills. I have tested different factors through the Howard Gardeners basic Multiple Intelligences Test and Daniel Golemans EQ Instrument. Some of the factors that I have noticed about myself through this test are Linguistic control, logical-mathematical concept, visual-spatial analysis, interpersonal skills, bodily-kinesthetic strength and naturalistic approach. I have noticed that I do not have any linguistic skills. According to the test, the linguistic skills are zero percent. In terms of logical and mathematical skill, I have scored thirty-eight percent in the test that implies that I have minimum mathematical and logical skill. Apart from the linguistic skill there is another skill that I need to improvise that is the naturalistic approach. I need to be more naturalistic. Therefore, this is another area where I need improvement. In terms of visual and spatial skills, I do not have much score in this section, which refers to the fact that I do not have expertise to distinguish between the two-dimensional and three-dimensional images. I have average bodily kinesthetic skills that are about fifty-eight percent. In this context, I feel that a little work upon this particular section would show good results. Bodily kinesthetic skills refer to the coordination of hands with the mind. In simpler term, it refers to the gross motor skills that any individual posses. However, from the test taken I have seen that not in any parameter I have scored a hundred percent. In the linguistic section is have grossly failed and scored a zero percent though. Taking into consideration the report of the Howard Gardeners basic Multiple Intelligences Test and Daniel Golemans EQ Instrument that I gave to my brother and my best friend, it was found according to their assessment report that I have strong linguistic skills. The second best skill that I possess according to the Howard Gardeners basic Multiple Intelligences Test and Daniel Golemans EQ Instrument test is her naturalistic approach. Naturalistic intelligence refers to the art of loving the ascent creatures of nature like plants, greenery, animal life, mountains, water bodies, aquatic animals etc. having a deep naturalistic skill enables her with the quality to love nature and feel with nature. According to the survey done by my friend, it was found that their perception about my musical skills and interpersonal skills are relatively low. That suggests that I am a person who is usually introvert in nature. As per their view, I am not quite comfortable with people at the first instance and prefer to remain aloof in my own company. They are of the view that I am full of contradictions because I am both inclined towards nature as well as I have strong naturalistic intelligence. According to her view, my visual-spatial score is seventy five percent, which is not that bad. Based on her assessment of me it can be said that I am able to visualize the scene through hearing the words. She believes that I have the ability to describe the relevant imagery associated with the words or the phrases that she hears. She indicates that I have strong imaginative powers. I gave the link of the test to my brother to provide his assessment about myself. The test taken by my brother about me has led to moderate results. As per the assessment of my brother, I possess extremely strong or extremely low skills. All of the skills are in moderation according to the Howard Gardeners basic Multiple Intelligences Test and Daniel Golemans EQ Instrument test (Sadri 2012). My friend is of the view that my linguistic skills are fifty eight percent. I possess highest percentage in bodily kinesthetic skills, an exact of sixty seven percent which indicates the fact that he runs no less in gross motor skills and thus, has good coordination of hands and legs with mind. According to my friend, my logical mathematical percentage has stood up to fifty percent that underscore that I am moderately reasonable in mathematics and in the analyzing of logical reasoning. My visual spatial percentage is extremely low, that is seventeen percent that indicates that I generally do not remember people by their names or by their looks. I have a tendency to forget. I do not possess a good memory power. I tend to forget things easily. My friend is of the opinion that my intra personal skill is thirty-eight percent that again refers to the fact that I prefer spending more time with himself rather than with friends and family. At the same time it denotes that I love my own company more than being with known people. The same is reflected in my interpersonal skill that is twenty percent. It coordinates with the test results of intrapersonal skills that is more in percentage than interpersonal skills. Considering the musical and the naturalistic approach, I have seen that I have scored a thirty-one percent in musical skill and according to the assessment of my friend it is fifty percent in naturalistic skill. This refers to the fact that neither I have the necessary musical skill nor I have the skill to appreciate nature and natural aspects. Thus it can be said that mostl y all of the domain that come under the Howard Gardeners basic Multiple Intelligences Test and Daniel Golemans EQ Instrument test has shown less percentage. Comparing my own records with the assessment of my friend, I can say that while I have zero linguistic skill according to my assessment, my friend feels that I have hundred percent linguistic skill that implies that in their views I have more knowledge of language . I scored medium low in logical mathematics whereas according to the assessment of my friend I scored a lot more in that area, I am thus the lowest scorer in this field. I am the lowest scorer in visual spatial parameter and my friend and my brother has scored more me more in that section. However, in the context of intrapersonal skill my test score ensues that I am the leading scorer in this field. This is in contrast to the score given to me by my brother and my friend. Conclusion It can thus be concluded that the Howard Gardeners basic Multiple Intelligences Test and Daniel Golemans EQ Instrument is a very useful test that makes a very articulate analysis of each individual. The test when conducted on myself, my friend and my brother has helped to show that how and in what respect both of them differs from me. According to the test made linguistic issue can be solved by reading more books. Logical mathematical segment can be improved by engaging into more reasoning exercises like quizzes, visual spatial and intrapersonal skills can be improved by playing more memory games and talking to self before mirror. Interpersonal skills and musical skills can be upgraded by making get together with friends and participating in concerts. Bodily kinesthetic skills while can be improved by playing outdoor games, naturalistic skills can be improved by reading poems, pastoral stories, visiting hill stations ad exploring nature. Bibliography Druskat, V.U., Mount, G. and Sala, F., 2013.Linking emotional intelligence and performance at work: Current research evidence with individuals and groups. Psychology Press. Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R.E. and McKee, A., 2013.Primal leadership: Unleashing the power of emotional intelligence. Harvard Business Press. Sadri, G., 2012. Emotional intelligence and leadership development.Public Personnel Management,41(3), pp.535-548.

Summary Of The Handmaids Tale Essay Example

Summary Of The Handmaids Tale Paper A?Serena sits while Offred kneels on the floor. Rita, Cora, and Nick stand behind Offred. Nick s shoe touches Offred s. She shifts her pes off, but he moves his pes so it touches hers once more. A?Serena starts watching Television while Offred starts to woolgather about how she and Luke purchased bogus passports when they decided to get away. A?They told their girl they were traveling on a field day and planned to give her a sleeping pill when they crossed the boundary line so that she would non be questioned or give them off. We will write a custom essay sample on Summary Of The Handmaids Tale specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Summary Of The Handmaids Tale specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Summary Of The Handmaids Tale specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A?They packed nil in their auto because they did non desire to elicit intuition. Summery- Chapter 15 A?The Commander strike hard the door and comes into the sitting room without Serena Joy s permission. A?He unlocks the leather screen box, and lift out the Bible. A?Offred admirations what it is like to be a adult male like him, surrounded by adult females who watch his every move. A?The Commander begins reading the narratives of Noah and Adam and Rachel and Leah out of the Bible. A?Commander reads a transition that accent about kid, and her married woman started shouting quietly. A?Offred was familiar to these narratives from the ruddy centre, where she heard so every twenty-four hours during breakfast. A?Offred Remembers the clip she met Moira in the bathroom and Moira decide to forge unwellness in hope of flight. A?She failed to get away and was harshly tortured by the Angels. Summery- Chapter 16 A?The Ceremony Continues, after reading the Bible. A?Offred was in Serena Joy s sleeping room with to the full clothed except her healthy white cotton underclothes. A?She lies between Serena Joy s legs, caput on her tummy, and both keeping their manus while Serena Joy s rings excavation into Offred s custodies. A?Once the commanding officer is finished with his responsibility he leaves the room. A?Then, Serena lets travel of Offred custodies and asked her to go forth the room, without Giving Offred a remainder. A?Finally while go forthing the room Offred admirations which one of us is worse for the Commander. Summery- Chapter 17 A?After the ceremonial Offred goes to her room. A?She puts butter on her face and custodies that she hid in her shoe during the dinner to replace for lotion. A?Offred can t autumn asleep, so she decides to steal a Narcissus pseudonarcissus, a flower. A?She wants the flower to be the message to the following Handmaids, by concealing it under the mattress A?After stealing the flower she finds nick nowadays in the posing room. A?Offred thinks of Luke as she kisses Nick. She thinks that Luke would understand. A?Offred thinks that this is excessively unsafe and they both separate. A?Nick informs Offred that commanding officer wants to see her in his office tomorrow. Summery- Chapter 18 A?Offred returns to her room. A?She lies on the bed believing about Luke. A?Offred images Luke dead, his organic structure lying in the brushs where they had been caught seeking to get away. A?She imagines of a 2nd state of affairs where Luke is captured and imprisoned. A?She thinks of a 3rd state of affairs where he has escaped safely from the boundary lines and that one twenty-four hours she will have a message from him in an unexpected manner. A?Simultaneously, Offred believes in all three of these state of affairss, so that if any one of them was to go true she would non be surprised. Seminar III: Pages 97-131 A?This seminar will concentrate on the subjects of Oppression and Fertility through the usage of Elementss of Cognitive design. Oppression A?Shown through lSocial stratums created in Gilead society lUse of Handmaids as a natural resort lHandmaid s Inability to revenge Birthrate A?Shown through lHandmaid s ability to gestate lCommander s Wive s sterility Character- Aunt Lydia s remark A?Point: Through Offred s ideas it is emphasized that the exclusive intent of Handmaids is to engender citizens for Gilead. A?Proof: Remember, said Aunt Lydia. For our intents your pess and your custodies are non indispensable. ( Atwood 114 ) Analysis A?Aunt Lydia s remark is a apt representation of the Handmaid dystopia, which is emphasized through subjugation carried unfeelingly on Moira. Atwood shows to the reader that Aunts besides possess some sort of power even though adult females are already at a lower prestigiousness than work forces in the totalitarian society of Gilead. Atwood besides portrays Handmaids as a uterus with weaponries and legs ; even if their weaponries and legs were to be amputated Handmaids will still be able to function their exclusive intent of being babe vass. It is merely their birthrate which is valued in the Gileadean society. Secondary Beginning A? The Handmaid s ain narrative dressed ores on the destiny of adult females in Gilead who are seen and used as mere agencies of procreation. [ ] Handmaids are considered two-legged uterus ( 176 ) or stupid affair in the generative procedure which is, like everything else in this dystopia, dominated by work forces. Klarer, Mario. Orality and literacy as gender-supporting constructions in Margaret Atwood s The Handmaid s Tale. Winnipeg, MB: Mosaic, 1995. Character- Offred s remark A?Point: Offred high spots the commanding officers s subjugation on the Handmaids. A?Proof: I wait, for the family to piece. Family: that is what we are. The Commander is the caput of the family. The house is what he holds. To hold and to keep, till decease do us portion. ( Atwood 99 ) Analysis A?Men are superior to adult females is the cardinal foundation of the totalitarian society of Gilead. Commander is one of the most of import and elect work forces governing Gilead. Offred suffer from the subjugation in Gilead due to her being selected from the government to engender kids for the commanding officer. This is possibly the wages given to her for being fertile. Atwood gives the reader an overview at the significance of the commanding officer: if anything was to go on to the commanding officer the purported family will divide apart. For illustration, Sarena Joy will likely go a Martha, as marring once more is out. It can besides be speculated that sorrow and subjugation of Offred is due to the commanding officer. Tropology- Container A?Point: The writer uses tropology to stress the subject of birthrate and Offred s emotions. A?Proof: We are containers, it s merely the interiors of our organic structures that are of import. The outside can go difficult and wrinkled, for all they care, like the shell of a nut ( Atwood 119 ) . Analysis A?Metaphor: Offred s organic structure is compared with the container A?It is shown through this citation that the society of Gilead has used birthrate to make subjugation on adult females. A?Atwood claims that adult females are valued through their birthrate. This is a ground possibly for Offred to be alive. ( Basically it doesn t affair how a adult female is, the lone thing that affairs is her birthrate. ) A?Their organic structures are used to reap babes for the commanding officer and his married woman. A?She is besides compared to a shell, connoting to the reader that she is been used like an object. A?This is besides a ground for Offred s sadness as she has lost her ain household, while she is giving birth to a kid for a different household, alternatively of her ain. A?She is moving like a alternate. A?It is dry that the true value of birthrate is held by Offred, although she is been entreated by sterile adult female such as Serena Joy. So fundamentally, Serena Joy is commanding Offred s birthrate, although it s non her ain. Tropology- Rachel and Leah A?Point: Atwood uses a metaphor to stress that Offred s place in Gilead is similar to that of the amah, Bilhah. This Biblical mention is related to the current province of the society. A?Proof: Then comes the mouldy old Rachel and Leah material we had drummed into us at the Center. Give me kids, or else I die. Am I in God s position, who halts withheld from thee the fruit of the uterus? Behold my amah Bilhah. She shall bear upon my articulatio genuss, that I may besides hold kids by her ( Atwood 110 ) . Analysis A?This province of the Gilead Society is based on this scriptural mention and hence it is used as a literary component to pull a comparing. A?This helps the authorities to command the society because faith is used as a powerful tool to either unite or separate people in a society. A?Fertility is related closely to this quotation mark as birthrate is used as a tool to suppress the fertile adult females such as Offred and give power to the infertile. A? For this intent, the first-person storyteller has been assigned as a alleged Handmaid to a taking functionary ( Commander ) and his aging married woman in order to replace for the sterile married woman. Klarer, Mario. Orality and literacy as gender-supporting constructions in Margaret Atwood s The Handmaid s Tale. Winnipeg, MB: Mosaic, 1995. Location- Sitting room A?Point: Oppression diminishes the sense of authorization. A?Proof: I would wish to steal something from this room. [ aˆÂ ¦ ] It would do me experience that I have power. ( Atwood 99 ) Analysis A?Offred needed to steal to see independency and power. Oppression has robbed her of her rights, freedom and sense of authorization. She has to fall back to stealing to experience complete and powerful an act against her ain moralss. Location- Sitting room A?Point: One s security and life takes precedence over money and other secular things during times of subjugation. A?Proof: Money has trickled through this room for old ages and old ages, as if through an belowground cavern, crusting and indurating like stalactites ( Atwood 97-98 ) Analysis A?This quotation mark depicts a clip when money would be wholly worthless due to the isolation and subjugation environing one s life. It shows that the human inherent aptitude to last is more profound than one s demand or desire for wealth and luxury. A? The exigencies of Atwood s hereafter, nevertheless, brought about by utmost environmental pollution and a attendant drastic lessening in birthrate, necessitate and warrant a pattern like handmaidenry, criminal as it might be by today s fundamentalist canons. Beauchamp, Gorman. The Politics of The Handmaid s Tale. Pittsburgh, PA: The Midwest Quarterly, 2009. Discussion A?We read that the Commander takes the Bible out of the box, in which it was kept locked, before the ceremonial. What is the significance of this and what does it typify? Are all work forces allowed to possess the Bible or merely the elites? A?Which of us ( Offred or Serena Joy ) is worse for the Commander and why? A?Serena Joy allow other people watch Television with here, even though the segregation in that society is of the position of the people. Why would she make that? What is your sentiment about it? Would you hold done the same?

7 Warning Signs Your Talent Is Being Wasted at Work

7 Warning Signs Your Talent Is Being Wasted at Work So you sought out a job, went through the interview process, and got hired. Whoo hoo, so exciting! What’s more, you even feel confident that you were the best out of the bunch of candidates. But all the same, maybe since you started you haven’t been quite sure that your talents and particular skills are being used to their full effect. Take a look at the following warning signs that you are not reaching your full potential. If a few of these signs apply to you, you might want to consider seeking out a bigger pond, one where you can stretch your wings, challenge yourself, and reach the career goals you know you’re capable of reaching.1. Your boss is threatened by your best ideas.If all your ideas end up in the â€Å"Maybe Someday† file, and your manager seems to prefer bumping along with the status quo rather than pushing the envelope, you’re not going to get much traction. Maybe you’re hearing a lot of â€Å"but this is how it’s alway s been done† and not enough â€Å"that’s a great idea; we should try it,† or getting shut down (or outright ignored) by your boss for ideas you know to be good. If any of this is the case, then maybe it’s time to start to worry.2. You work with automatons.Instead of everyone pitching in to realize some long-term goal or vision, you find that all of your coworkers are merely on autopilot, doing task after task that doesn’t seem to generate any new sparks or momentum.3. You never receive any sort of appreciation.If you’re working hard and no one at work sees you for the superstar you are, then you A) haven’t shown them, or B) they’ve seen your talents and are choosing to ignore them. Your once bright future starts to grey.4. You’re trapped.Are you confined by your title? This could be your own fault or the fault of your workplace: you’re so hemmed in by your specific role and tasks that you don’t feel the free dom to be able to fluidly reach out to your team members and help with other projects and initiatives when necessary. Even if this kind of effort might require you to push yourself outside of your comfort zone, it can be good for your growth.5. Your boss is putting your light under a bushel.Whether your boss is afraid of change or threatened by your rising star, perhaps he or she isn’t being the kind of mentor that lets you shine. Maybe they even call you in and tell you to hold back a little, or pipe down in meetings, instead of batting around your best ideas.6. Your company values policy over passion.You’re a rule-follower, and you’re feeling stifled. It’s possible that you’re very comfortable where you are, but still- biding your time and knowing real change and real challenge are too far around the corner to be feasible it a recipe for nothingness. Meanwhile, you keep on toeing the company line and following policies you don’t think are best practice. You’re going nowhere, and slowly.7. You’re burnt out and bored.After your first entry-level gigs, you should probably never be bored at work. If your job is boring you, it’s time to move on for sure. Watch for burn-out also; it’s not just for people in high powered careers that work too fast and too hard. It can strike anyone who’s been grappling with long-term demoralization and lack of inspiration. Remember, you’re a person, not a robot just completing tasks.

Text and Audience Paper Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Text and Audience Paper - Coursework Example It is increasingly becoming a conventional activity. Its growing significance is affecting the relationship between corporate organizations and their various stakeholders such as clients, workers, suppliers, governments, and the communities. The article by Griffiths is to remind corporate players of the fact that taking considerable care of the people and the environment is fundamental to good financial results. Organizations are not supposed to wait for the relevant government bodies to impose certain rules and regulations for them to oblige. They have a responsibility to protect the social and cultural systems of the societies under which they expect to coexist in. To build a business based on trust and prescience, corporate social responsibility has to be considered as a fundamental factor. This is essential in building and keeping trust with communities and clients. To flourish and achieve long-term goals of a business, organizations are expected to focus on much more than issues affecting them at present, and think more about the future (Griffiths, 2010). This fact is not just applicable to the advancements in technology, but also on the changes in social, cultural, and environmental matters. Griffiths explains corporate social responsibility as â€Å"business behavior that creates the trust and commitment of stakeholders, both now and in the future†. He suggests that corporate social responsibility can no longer be viewed as a background corporate public relations strategy, but a significant factor that is gradually becoming correlated to fundamental operational performance. The key drivers of this primary concept comprise of compliance to laws and regulations crafted for this purpose, and an emphasis on the significance of environmental rules necessary to create customer loyalty and brand likeness. According to Griffiths (2010), unlike what many may suggest, â€Å"Corporate social responsibility is a set of business values and not a tool†. Due to this fact, it is unlikely to follow the line of reengineering. Not all organizations will successfully implement this concept; however, it is not logical for anyone to suggest that it has been applied to the wrong reasons. Unlike other business concepts, it is not likely to fade away anytime soon (Griffiths, 2010). This is because the environment under which corporate social responsibility operates is characterized by a much wider group of stakeholders; many of them exhibit opposing interests in this context. A good example is an incidence whereby a company decides to invest in reducing carbon emissions for environmental protection. This would mean that it probably will have to cut funding towards employee training initiatives, pay less dividend ratio, and also reduce funding towards community development program. According to Griffiths, the effectivity of the concept of corporate social responsibility can be managed in four different perspectives, i.e. â€Å"corporate gover nance and ethics, environment, people, and contribution to development†. Information plays various primary tasks in the implementation of this key concept. The general conceptual model of implementation incorporates processes, people, and technology. This is to make sure that its outcomes are integrated

PHP Libraries and Frameworks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

PHP Libraries and Frameworks - Essay Example Frameworks are significant innovation in modern website design. Recently, great steps have been made towards using frameworks as the basis for development. Typically, the code frameworks are a collection already created functions and classes. There exists numerous development languages and practically every language has a framework of sorts. This has extended to front-end scripting languages such as CSS and Javascript. The server-side scripting languages have realised more advanced development in terms of framework. For instance, PHP has several frameworks; Codeigniter, Zend Framework etc. Traditionally, the software management process has been focussed on basic code writing and development of modules. This takes place in two steps; developing software to completion and checking for functionality in the end product. The shortcoming of is that the approach is the same and normal pitfalls are still realised (Beck 1999). It is important to consider the uniqueness, of each piece of softw are and the development process it follows. Frameworks help, designing software as artefacts and means to serve the user needs adequately. However, the process – individuals, tools, methodology- followed are the same. This aspect of software development shows that the process is likely to be repeated. There are advantages that come with use of frameworks such as quality control and following a mature development process.

Johnson and johnson

Johnson and johnson a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Executive Summary Johnson and Johnson company has planned a new product lounge in the market specifically for Pakistan where a big number of peoples having not enough awareness of bacterial and germs infection. The product named as Pak antibacterial soap is designed that provides quick, easy and effective hand washing. Proper hand washing is the most effective preventative measure available to combat communicable diseases. Skin problems are common for people of all ages. Whether you suffer with a rash, itchy skin, skin fungus or infection, skin bumps, or skin tags. Improper handwashing. The Market Through analysed facts and figures Johnson and Johnsons Pak antibacterial soap is wide market such as mothers, children and employees. The target market has population of more than 160 million in which 68% of people are not properly wash their hands before eating. People of the country are not much aware about the bacterial infections. So JJ planned an attractive marketing strategy which will educate the people and provide healthy life in their own hands. Based on detailed financial projections,JJwill require22 million Pakistani Rupees and will generatepositive cash flowin first quarter, Year 1. Sales Forecast b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Introduction 1.a  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Background: Johnson and Johnson (JJ) is a global pharmaceutical product company. This company is a well known organization. The company started its first production in 1886 and after one year in 1987 it is incorporated. The company headquarter is in New Brunswick located at prime location. b.b  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  History: The company Johnson n Johnson was found in 1886 (around 120 years ago) on a revolutionary idea by Robert Wood Johnson, James Wood Johnson and Edward Mead Johnson when doctors and nurses started to using bandages and dressing, sterile suture for treating wounded peoples. The company has maintained friendly environment and very keen in health and safety from the beginning, they first time used non-polycarbonate containers instead of plastic bottles. JJ uses a largest solar power generator as a member of Green House for keeping the environment. b.c  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Corporate chairmanship of the Company v Robert Wood Johnson I 1887-1910 v James Wood Johnson 1910-1932 v Robert Wood Johnson II 1932-1963 v Philip B. Hofmann 1963-1973 v Richard B. Sellars 1973-1976 v James E. Burke 1976-1989 v Ralph S. Larsen 1989-2002 v William C. Weldon 2002- b.d  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Corporate Governance: Board of directors of Johnson Johnson are listed below: Mary Sue Coleman, James G. Cullen, Dominic Caruso, Michael M.E. Johns, Ann Dibble Jordan, Arnold G. Langbo, Susan L. Lindquist, Leo F. Mullin, Christine A. Poon, Steven S. Reinemund, David Satcher, and William C. Weldon. http://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_%26_Johnson In the first period of their development during 1886 to 1926 they got success to establish a company in New Brunswick and they focused on sterile surgical dressing to save the lives of patients. They participate in saving peoples lives in1906 Francisco disaster. Their global expansion began in 1919 from Canada and 1924 from England. During Their 2nd period of product lines expansion been b.e  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Company Structure: JJ is with several business segments in all around the world with 250 companies in 57 countries. The companies are concerning with following particular areas: Consumer Health Care Medical Devices and Diagnostics Pharmaceuticals Products of JJ: Medical Devices and Diagnostics: JJ is helping hospitals with the technologies to restore the joys of precious life of human being who are suffering with diseases and chronic conditions all around the world. They are providing more than 20 kind of technological devices including Orthopedics, Implants, Joint Replacements, Sports Medicins, Heart and Vascular Diseases etc. b.f  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Consumer Products: For improving the quality of every day life the consumer companies of JJ target the baby care, skin and hair care, oral care, nutritional, pain relief, topical care and much more. Their vision is very clear and the companys slogan is BRINGING SCIENCE TO THE ART OF HEALTHY LIVINGâ„ ¢. b.g  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Pharmaceutical segment: Johnson Johnson invested over $5 billion in 2008 on RD. This investments majority was in five therapeutic areas where the Pharmaceutical segment is strategically focused and where there continues to be significant unmet medical need. Following areas are included: cardiovascular disease and metabolism, neuroscience (including pain); infectious disease, immunology and oncology. b.h  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Recent Products: J J is continue to providing healthier life to their consumers. Here are some recent products lounged by the company: AVEENO ® Intense Relief Repair Cream AVEENO ® POSITIVELY AGELESSâ„ ¢ Firming Body Lotion AVEENO ® POSITIVELY AGELESSâ„ ¢ Warming Scrub CLEAN CLEAR ® ADVANTGE ® Blackhead Eraserâ„ ¢ Exfoliating Cleanser JOHNSONS ® HEAD-TO-TOE ® Foaming Wash JOHNSONS ® Baby Bubble Bath Wash 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Situation analysis: Our antibacterial soap is specially produced to protect people from germs and bacteria. Especially in Pakistan where is not a complete understanding of peoples about the bacterial infection. People in third World countries are not fully aware of these kinds of problems. Even in rural areas of Pakistan where people are not literate, they are facing new skin problems every day. Our new product targets those areas of the third world where people are not aware of bacterial protection. First we focus people who are living in rural areas of Pakistan especially interior Balochistan. 1.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Market Summary: 1.1.1Market Demographic: According to a survey population and growth rate of Pakistan is under the following: Population of the country: 172,800,000 (according to July 2008 best estimation) Growth rate of population: 2.2% (according to 2008 estimation) Birth ratio: 31 births per 1,000 population (2008 est.) Death ratio: 8 deaths per 1,000 population (2008 est.) Net migration ratio: -1.0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2008 est.) Refr:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  wiki http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Pakistan In this survey more than 68% population of Pakistan is living in rural areas where people are not aware about the bacterial infections. 1.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  External Analysis: 1.2.1Political Analysis: Constant political instability does affect the company in terms of building relations with the governments. It is very difficult to maintain long term relations with all the governments. Pakistan is aligning with US against the terrorism and because of this their peoples are victims of terrorism and are stressed. 1.2.2Environmental Analysis: Solid waste burning, bad-quality fuels, and the growing use of motor vehicles are contributing towards in air pollution that in some cities as exceeded levels deemed safe by the World Health Organization. The country is suffering a lot from the dry climates. The country has poor water infrastructure even more than 70% population dont have refined water for drinking. Moreover country has not a proper sewerage system. 1.2.3Social Analysis: JJ has to be very careful according to implementation of its promotional campaign. Since the social culture of Pakistan is very conservative and any suggestive advertisement face a lot of reactions on the part of consumers. 1.2.4Technological Analysis: Pakistan is a big consumer of new technology. Internet companies are providing a wide range of coverage. Transportation is cheaper than other big countries but there is a big problem of electricity. Existing infrastructure is unable to fulfil the complete requirements of the country. 1.2.5Economical Analysis: The economic condition of Pakistan will always affect the company. As Pakistan inflation rate is going high and high and income of peoples is not increasing as pricing of products are going up. Pakistan has a semi-industrialized economical country. The growth poles of the countrys economy are situated along the Sindh River (Indus River), diversified economies of Karachi, Lahore and Faisalabad are located with less developed areas in other parts of the country. Pakistans economic growth rate has been increased in last 40 years and getting strong as compare to 1947. But still there are not enough facilities that fulfil economic requirements of the population. 1.2.6Legal Analysis: There are no legal issues in Pakistan for JJ as company meets all the legal requirement of the country. 1.3 SWOT Analysis: 1.3.1Strengths: The major strength of JJ in Pakistan is affiliation and support from the Johnson and Johnson global organization which has a good reputation in health sector. Another advantage is availability of high technology infrastructure. JJ never compromise on the quality of services and the products, they provide to the consumer. 1.3.2Weaknesses: JJ have only a weakness that they are coming in that market where already have strong competitors and they are well known and have very strong relations with the consumers. Accordingly JJ is not enough strong in that market so capturing new market is very challenging goal for the company. 1.3.3Opportunities: Although the existing antibacterial soap manufactures have already started the campaign to be aware peoples of the country about the bacterial infection but there is still a big market to capture. We believe that JJ have an opportunity to capture rural areas of the country where people have not mentally prepared to buy these antibacterial products. In urban areas people of Pakistan already familiar with JJ baby shampoo and other valued products for baby care, they will automatically buy these products. 1.3.4Threats: In every market there is a chance of new comer in the same field. Soap industry has very good margins and growing up and up day by day, so there is always a chance to have more competitors. Other main players in the antibacterial soap category (Safeguard by PG, Dettol by Reckitt Benckiser and Lifebuoy by Unilever) in Pakistan have strong positioned their brands for everyday use against bacteria. They are offering some sort of additions in their products by regular basis, they can challenge JJ by providing new improvements and they also reduce their prices to beat JJ in competition. 1.4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Competitor Analysis: The following are three big companies are already operating in this area. 1.4.1PG Proctor Gamble has positioned to provide every day new advertisement and they have 20 percent of market share. A series of marketing campaign distinguished safeguard soap to all other market competitors. They have variety of types and different flavours of products. 1.4.2Uniliver Uniliver have 10 percent market share in the target market. They started marketing campaign and competing with PG but their marketing strategy is not as effective as PG has. 1.4.3Reckitt Benckiser Reckitt Benckiser are producing antibacterial soap named Dettol Soap, they have 5 percent of market share. They are well behind the both top companies products (Unilivers Lifebouy and PGs Safeguard). 1.5Distribution Pattern Analysis Regional providers are providing distribution in the soap industry. These distributors serve a large portion of the market based on the size of the market and delivering to the organizations monthly and weekly depending on the demand of the company and usage patterns. Food services deliveries typically of cleaning products once in a month. Hospitals have a different distribution system; they receive monthly a large amount of soaps. Restaurants typically receive once in a week delivery of soaps and the stores receives some times weekly and some times after two week according to the demand. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Objectives Develop a complete prototype which meets regulatory standards by June2010. Become thespecialty soap of choice for day cares across the Pakistan by December 2010. Achieve sales of Rs10 million by the end of 2010. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mission Statement: Johnson and Johnson believe on the launching of new products. Business must make a sound profit. We must experiment with new ideas. Research must be carried on, innovative programs developed and mistakes paid for. New equipment must be purchased, new facilities provided and new products launched. Johnson and Johnson is an innovative consumer company which provide new products and new ideas in health sector. Johnson and Johnson never compromise on quality and have well reputation around the world. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Vision: Johnsons Johnsons vision is very clear. There vision is: -Keeping children free of infection We partner with Task Force for Global Health so children can stay healthy -Focussing on Wellness and prevention We remain commited to expand the ways we care the people through out the World. -Fulfilling new need of new markets Our vision is to improve the quality of peoples daily life. Peoples and values are our companys biggest assets. We know that our companys every invention and every product is powered by the people. We also recognise that different age, nationality and sexual orientation, physical ability, thinking ability and backgrounds bring richness to our work environment. 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Strategy Our executive team willbuild loyaltyfor our products withdecision-level managers of the organizations in the target markets, and they will create such a strategy in which target people directly target. For this purpose they will make some effective advertisement and will use children, male and mothers to deliver the specific messages to the audience. 6.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Strategy Pyramid Ourultimate strategyisto build JJ products intothe standard forhome and workplacehand washing and bathing for cleanings and free of bacteria by targeting daily routine of children, mothers and workers. We will contract the insurance, advertising companies as well as government companies to start strong branding campaign to make aware of the peoples of the brand. 6.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Competitive Strategy: To achieve good results we need to concentrate on the quality price and the same time on the competitors. PG is providing a good product with cheap price. According to the Porters Generic Strategy we will use diversification because our product and market is new, where risk of level is high we need to provide low cost soap and with some new and different attributes of our new brand soap. Reckitt Benckiser is also lounged a campaign through advertisement to educate children about the bacterial infection. Same time Uniliver is playing vital role and they are also focusing on the school level children. In accordance to above factors Johnson Johnson is very keen on pricing and quality of products. 6.3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Marketing Strategy For our initial target market of home consumers, JJ will implement two parallel marketing efforts. One is aimed to the parents of young children who use this antibacterial soap and other is to educate the children regarding bacterial infection. We need to create a push factor by effectively convincing the mothers of children that our product provides an ideal solution for the bacterial infection to the hand washing compliance and bathing.A branding campaign will build awareness and provide education the children of rural areas where children do not have a proper education of germs and bacteria in their daily life. 6.4Market Segmentation: 6.4.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Demographic: Our antibacterial soap targets the children, adult and households. According to CIA World Fact book age structure of Pakistan is: Age structure: 0-14 years: 36.7% (male 33,037,943/female 31,092,572) 15-64 years: 59.1% (male 53,658,173/female 49,500,786) 65 years and over: 4.2% (male 3,495,350/female 3,793,734) (2009 EST.) Our primary target are children and females those are more than 50% of total population who want to fulfil an everyday needs. Females are very conscious about their health and skin diseases. They want full protection against bacteria. We also believe that children are potential agents of change in life and imparting education of the importance of hand washing with antibacterial soap will bring healthy habits in their early life. 6.4.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Market Growth: The overall market of soap is growing up by 10% in recent scenario and particularly 7% growth in antibacterial soap in Pakistan. 6.4.3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Socioeconomic Middle class and upper middle class will be the main target of the product. Primary target will be cities and surrounding areas of the cities. Rural market penetration is limited and is primarily driven through wholesalers. Psychographic: In this we can target young house wives and mothers who care about the health of whole family and can educate their children about bacterial infections, health and hygiene. 6.4.4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Positioning Strategy Our strategy is to provide healthy life with low cost product and high quality. Our product provides conclusive evidence every time a child washes his or her hands for only a marginally higher cost than traditional soaps. The cost is significantly less than gloves or other hand washing liquids available in the market. 6.5Product 6.5.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Product Name: Pak Soap 6.5.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Product Type: Anti-bacterial Soap 6.5.3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ingredients: Tricloson Palm Oil Water Sodium laurel Sulphate Laura Mide DEA Glycole Disterate Cocamidopropyl betaine Sodium Sulphate Fragrance Guar Hydroxypropyltrimonium Chloride Citric Acid Hydanation Tetra Sodium EDTA FCD Red No 4 FDC yellow No 5 Alovera Vitamin E 6.5.4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Physical and Chemical Properties: Boiling Point:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Above 21 oF Specific Gravity:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.02 Volatile by Volume:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  80% approx Solubility in Water:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Complete Evaporation Rate:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Same as Water 6.5.5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Convenience good: The product will provide complete protection from all seen and unseen germs and bacteria. 6.6Pricing Strategy Retail pricing for anti bacterial soap will generally be around Rs8/eachand will command a 30% price premium overother available conventional liquidsoaps available in the market. Our values product will not be only attractive toextremely price sensitive customers it will also capture the buyers who are very much caring of their health. The soap market is generally inelastic, but we offer some different benefits overcurrent available soaps that justify the different qualities and price. 6.7  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Promotion: 6.7.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Agency Selection Around 135 advertising agencies working in the market but Johnson Johnson has selected Manhattan International Limited (MIL) Advertising Company because the company has extraordinary technology and well reputation with government and civil sector in Pakistan. TV Advertisement Radio Ads News Paper and Magazines Sign Boards 6.8  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Place Pak soap has also planned an in-store placement strategy to promote and market their product so to have maximum visibility to the consumer; they have assigned dedicated shelves to the product and are also promoting their product in metro and makro as well. Their placement strategy is mainly focused on v Place Pak Soap next to Safeguard v Equal or more faces than Safeguard, Dettol and Lifebouy. v Place between Dettol Safeguard where Possible. v Build brand block wherever possible. 6.9  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Distribution Strategy Initially our distribution strategy will involve a combination of both distributors and direct sales through some available channels in the market.Relationships with local Pakistani distributors then will be established for promotional reach and potential users. Our executive team will get the first order after direct delivery to the wholesalers and will give some discount to them.In the future entirely outsourcing distribution will allowJohnson Johnson to focus its efforts on marketing and expanding as quickly as possible. 6.10  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Action Plan 6.10.1Gantt chart 6.11Financial Strategy (Budgeting): Johnson Johnson pvt ltd is a sub company of Johnson Johnson which operates in the country. This project is only for Rs22 million. We will buy machinery for production of soap which will cost only Rs120,000 and purchase for Raw material is only cost for Pakistani Rs.40000. So all other expenses and salaries of employees for production for the first quarter is can be seen in the following: Pak soap is a Rs 1 billion brand annually and so the marketing budget allocated to it approx 20 % of total Net revenue, not much resources have been allocated to Pak soap marketing efforts due to its squeezed margins and close competition with other antibacterial soaps, it mainly derives its sales from the brand equity of Pak Soap. 6.12Sales Forecast 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Evaluation and Control Johnson Johnson is a family company that prides itself on improving the health and well being of its consumers. By targeting all age groups, socioeconomic statuses, and partnering consumers, the new product will provid 22 million of net profit for the first quarter after the launching of the antibacterial soap, which is the actual amount of the projectDomestic sales increased .2%, while international sales increased 13.8% (2.6% from operations and 11.2% from currency). These figures represent Johnson Johnson meeting and exceeding consumer needs, which is partly the reason why it is a Fortune 500 company. 8.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Conclusion and Recommendations: We have carefully research and analysed the market strategies adopted by Johnson Johnson Pakistan to boost the sales of new anti-bacterial soap () in the country and in first quarter Johnson Johnson will capture the 20% of market share. Following are the some suggestions for Johnson Johnson Pakistan Pvt. Ltd.: Price of soap will be set the according to the competitors. If competitors reduce their price they reduce their margin and should reduce the price. After successfully launched they should provide some flavours in the soap, so customers can enjoy different flavours as the other competitor Safeguard have 7 flavours in the market. Start a program in which they can educate children, industrial workers and mothers by hiring teams which will go door to door. 9.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Individual Critical Reflection Report: Marketing Management subject was never interested for me before studying this module. When I started to learn, very first class creates my interest in this subject in which tutor gave us an assignment to analyse the market, which was the turning point for me. And we visited some clothing stores than I get knowledge about how to analyse the different things. Before starting my MBA I was not familiar with the appropriate terminologies used in the marketing field, but I was very much sure that I will understand these concepts. I have managerial experience but not in marketing field and I wasnt know even about to write the different types of marketing. As module was passing day by day I feel many things change in myself, for example when I visit any place or store I started to analyse the things around me. This is the first development which I feel in myself. The concept of learning through case studies was very effective. It polished my reading and implementation of concepts and I come to know how the concepts can be taken out from the printed and electronic Medias. This developed my reading power and I learned how we extract the main points from a whole passage. Initially when I start to read a passage I feel difficulties to take out specific points from the articles, but day by day I feel change in myself, I feel confident and really enjoy reading articles and magazines. Presenting on the front of the class is another opportunity which I got from marketing management module which is very important for a marketing manager or MBA student, because people says presentation is very important for sell some thing. By preparing Wilkinson case study in early classes and presenting on the front of the tutor was an awesome experience which developed a self confidence level and enhanced my presentation and speaking skills. By learning in very depth of the marketing concepts I understand how the all stakeholders are very important in the process of marketing such as how the competitors can effect on the business. After completing this module I can write the marketing plan for any organization as I did in this assignment. Now I know how to use the marketing mix and how we can analyse the performance and how can we position an organization in the marketing. Porters Generic Studies, Ansoffs matrix, consumer behaviour, segmentation strategy and decision power of buyers were new for me and now I completely understand that how these models can be implemented in the marketing strategy of a company. Evolution of marketing metrics, ethics and social responsibilities and managing a marketing team is now not difficult for me as I am planning to start my own business after my MBA, I am very happy that I have enough knowledge of measurement and control a marketing plan and how to write a project plan by assigning different tasks to different teams. As a conclusion the whole module was very helpful to build and develop marketing concepts for me. References and Bibliography: Course Book http://www.jnj.com www.wikipedia.com www.uniliver.com http://www.marketingprofs.com/ http://www.articlesbase.com/marketing-articles/ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2010.html 1 / 27 LSBF (MBA)

Citizenship, Political Liberalism and the National Curriculum Essay

Citizenship, Political Liberalism and the National Curriculum I shall maintain in this essay that the civic education proposed in the new National Curriculum subject called Citizenship is not in harmony with the educational aims and principles stated in The Education Reform Act, 1988, in which the National Curriculum itself was established. I shall argue further that the present institutional arrangements for the whole of education are contrary to the spirit of the civic education outlined in Citizenship. To pursue the argument I shall draw on John Rawls’ insight that, in a modern democracy such as that in the UK, the idea of a democratic state with a single generally agreed moral or religious doctrine is no longer useful. In Political Liberalism he writes about this notion: That conception of social unity is excluded by the fact of reasonable pluralism; it is no longer a political possibility for those who accept the constraints of liberty and toleration of democratic institutions. (p.201) He uses the notion of justice as fairness to indicate how the state may deal justly with its citizens in a pluralist society. He defines justice as fairness in terms of two principles of justice. The first is that all people must have the same political rights and liberties. The second principle is that of equality of opportunity. Rawls then restricts the sphere of influence of these principles to that of political, social and economic institutions. This position he calls ‘political liberalism’. He maintains that this political liberalism should be seen as a freestanding moral system applicable only to political, social and economic institutions. This is somewhat difficult to swallow if only in terms of exactly how this limit... ...ply to all pupils. Pupils do not receive the same civic education. Fourth, the institutions are not freely available in terms of fair competition although both systems are state controlled. If, therefore, equality of opportunity is indeed One of a broad set of common values and purposes which underpin the school curriculum and the work of the school as the Secretary of State claims, then I submit that both our current National Curriculum and our current institutional arrangements are not in line with this value, and that, therefore, the aims of Citizenship are unlikely to be realised. Bibliography RAWLS, J. (1996) Political Liberalism, Columbia University Press, New York, Chicago, Chichester Education Reform Act 1988: Secretary of State’s Preface and opening sections National Curriculum Values 2002 Citizenship, Programme of Study Key Stage 4

Critical Issues For The United States

Deliberation suggests careful thought or reflection, consideration of alternatives, but may also imply public discussion, processes working toward collective judgments. For different reasons, liberals and their critics would agree that deliberation is central to citizenship. For liberals, deliberation in the public sphere is instrumental to the purposes and interests of free individuals, combining with other private citizens to articulate and pursue common interests. For those with a more communitarian perspective, public deliberation is part of the process through which citizens are socially constituted and democratic participation is thus intrinsically rather than instrumentally valuable. At Syracuse University’s Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, we have developed a team-taught, cross-disciplinary social science course which emphasizes public deliberation not only on policy issues, but on the meaning of citizenship itself. Our course entitled Critical Issues for The United States – along with its sister-course, The Global Community – originated with a year-long process of intensive discussion and planning among a group of faculty drawn from the various academic departments and programs of the Maxwell School†¦ The courses we developed were first offered during the 1993-94 academic year, and have undergone annual revisions – some modest, some more substantial – ever since. The fundamental ideas underlying the courses have not changed, however: they remain focused upon citizenship, understood in terms of practices of public deliberation. Our courses were designed as multidisciplinary survey courses which would, in the process of discussing issues important to the lives of our students, introduce them to some of the major concepts and modes of analysis employed in the various social science disciplines represented at the Maxwell School. There was from the outset, then, a sense of multiplicity of perspective built into the core concept of these courses. They would not present a single seamless vision of social life or seek to find the one right answer. Rather, they would present multiple interpretations of each issue we dealt with, some convergent, some in direct conflict. We would try to link these interpretations to fundamental assumptions about the nature of social life, and to show how these basic conceptual frameworks were related to different normative orientations and political positions — that is, to different practices of citizenship. We would invite students to ponder the implications of the various perspectives we discussed, to consider the consequences for their lives as citizens, but we would not push for closure or consensus. We would emphasize the process of deliberation, rather than any particular result. We expose students to different ways of knowing social reality: the hypothesis-testing approach of orthodox social science, rudimentary rational choice theory, more interpretive understandings of social action, and critical theory models which seek organic links between knowing the world and recreating the world. We try to underscore the idea that different ways of knowing are associated with different modes of action and, ultimately, with alternative possible worlds. How knowledge is socially constructed is thus a crucial dimension of citizenship, and an important aspect of this course. FormatAs part of our emphasis on processes of deliberation, we wanted to move away from the passive, lecture-based format typical of introductory survey courses at larger universities. In many such courses, if students are involved in smaller discussion sections at all, they are typically led by graduate teaching assistants and are at best an adjunct to the primary, lecture-driven substance of the course. In contrast, the Maxwell courses were designed so that two-thirds of students’ class time would be spent in discussion sections of no more than fifteen, led by members of a team representing a cross-section of the Maxwell School faculty. To underscore for students that these discussion sections were not merely the caboose on a lecture-driven train, but were rather the motor of this course, a substantial part of their final course grade (currently 25 percent) is directly linked to their level of participation in these discussions. Particular faculty members meet twice each week with the same discussion groups so that a sense of mutual familiarity and group identity could develop, fostering candor in discussion and a willingness to think out loud. Once a week, rotating pairs of faculty share the responsibility of lecturing to a â€Å"plenary† in which all the discussion sections meet together. These lectures typically present alternative perspectives or ways of thinking about some general question or issue area. Faculty attempt to â€Å"model† intellectual activity for students, thinking through the strengths and weaknesses of various perspectives, underscoring their implications for politics and social life. Often, faculty will present perspectives with which they do not agree, and will state so at the outset. In this way, they may illustrate for students that there is an intelligible train of reasoning behind each position, and that our fist task as critical thinkers and citizens is to try to understand that reasoning. Implicitly we pose the question: why would reasonable people hold such a view? In the first instance, then, our objective is to help students to feel the attraction which draws scholars and citizens to a particular perspective, its intellectual power, its political promise, its vitality. We then try to explore the tensions or limits of each perspective. Again, the emphasis is on deliberation rather than mastery of a given fund of â€Å"knowledge†, but we do expect students to understand key concepts, arguments and supporting evidence for each of the major positions we deal with, and ultimately to be able to incorporate these into their own critical judgments and deliberations. To deemphasize rote learning, we abandoned conventional exams altogether. Instead, frequent writing assignments are integrated into the course as one more mode of deliberation and discussion. Students contribute regularly to a computerized â€Å"citizenship log† in which they are asked to exchange comments on a particular issue or idea in the course material. To encourage students to come to class prepared to actively discuss the material at hand, we may ask them to write a brief paragraph responding to each day’s readings and perhaps to post this response on the electronic log for other members of the class to see. In addition to addressing regular prompts from the faculty, students may also engage each other on the electronic log, continuing or anticipating classroom discussions. Often, faculty will review students’ e-log entries prior to class and use them to construct an agenda for more focused group discussion. We also employ more traditional forms of writing. From time to time, we ask students to write very brief (1-2 page) response papers which focus their attention directly upon substantive points judged by the faculty team to be especially significant. Frequently these will be concepts or issues which will be important for future deliberative essays. This helps students early on to begin come to grips with key claims or ideas, and enables the faculty to gauge their success in doing so. This may be a useful diagnostic tool: disappointing performance on response papers may then signal to us that particular students need additional help with key concepts, or they may reveal that the entire class needs to spend more time collectively working through some especially difficult points. Finally, each major unit of the course culminates in a somewhat longer â€Å"deliberative essay† in which students are asked to critically assess various perspectives and formulate a position relative to the major theme or issue of that unit. These essays are kept short (typically around five pages) in order to encourage students to be as concise as possible, to make deliberate decisions about what material is most significant, to develop summarization skills and to preclude the â€Å"kitchen sink† approach to paper writing. To aid students in the development of essay writing skills, the faculty have prepared extensive writing guidelines which include such fundamentals as how to construct and support a reasoned argument, how such arguments differ from assertions of opinion, how to use sources and avoid plagiarism. To reinforce our seriousness about the development of analytical writing skills, our grading criteria are keyed to these guidelines and we provide extensive written feedback on essays pointing out where there is significant room for improvement. We also make available to students annotated examples of especially strong essays so that students can see for themselves the kinds of work they are capable of producing and what faculty graders are looking for in student writing. Altogether, students would write 5-8 papers of various lengths, and anywhere from a dozen to several dozen computer log entries. To aid faculty in designing these writing assignments, and to advise students on how to construct them, our faculty team includes an instructor from the university’s writing program who has been involved in course planning from the outset, is familiar with the readings, attends all our lectures, and participates actively in faculty meetings. We have found the writing instructor to be especially valuable in helping us to design writing assignments which balance the open-endedness necessary for real deliberation with the concreteness required to hold student interest. In keeping with this relatively open-ended format, we avoided adopting any standard textbooks, and instead assembled a custom reader which presents students with the challenge of interpreting multiple voices and engaging a variety of perspectives. In addition to our reader, we assign three books representing particular positions on each of the major issues under discussion. To maintain creative tension and space for deliberation, we are careful to include in our reader several counterpoints to each of the books we assign. Our goal is to provide students with enough material to construct a critical and also a supportive position with regard to each major reading. We have also developed a home page on the World Wide Web in order to give students the opportunity to explore the vast array of resources available in cyber-space. Our home page contains all the materials which would be found in a syllabus, together with guidelines for the different kinds of writing assignments students will encounter, annotated examples of strong student essays, information about members of the faculty team, links to computerized discussion forums for each class section, and links to a variety of resources external to the university. Newspapers and magazines, government agencies, political parties, advocacy groups, think tanks, data bases and archives are made accessible through our web page. Our hope is that this array of electronic resources will not just facilitate learning through the classroom experience, but will also prompt students to consider the links between issues and perspectives discussed in class and those they encounter in the media and on the web. To further encourage this, we directly incorporate web materials into some of our class sessions: for example, we used material from the web sites of industry, environmental, and citizens’ groups to facilitate a role-playing exercise in which groups of students were asked to interpret the position of a particular group and to come to class prepared to assume their identity and negotiate with others based upon what they had learned from the web sites we assigned. Substantive VehicleCritical Issues for The United States began as a series of debates on issues which faculty planning teams thought to be important ones for students as citizens. Early versions of the course focused upon such issues as: individual rights and the responsibilities of citizenship; the size and scope of federal government as well as the relative merits of governmental centralization and decentralization; unequal access to quality education; race and affirmative action; and the environment. However, over successive semesters, student evaluations suggested that these issues and the arguments relevant to them were being perceived as separate and disconnected. The course was not providing students with a way to connect these discussions to contested visions of civic life, to see that positions on different issues might be linked by similar understandings of citizenship, to understand that policy debates are also debates about the kind of society we wish to live in and the kinds of citizens we want to be. To provide a substantive vehicle which would refocus the course on contested meanings of civic life and citizenship, and to help students see more clearly the linkages between these visions and particular political positions, we introduced a new integrative theme for the course as a whole: â€Å"the American Dream reconsidered†. We ask students to deliberate on questions such as the following: What has the American Dream meant historically? What meanings does it have for people today? How do visions of the American Dream help us to think about ourselves as citizens, and what difference does it make if we think about the Dream in one way or another? How have issues of race, class, and gender figured in various interpretations of the Dream? Are there nationalist or nativist undertones in some or all versions of the Dream? Can, or should, the prevailing interpretation of the American Dream survive into the 21st century? To engage students on issues where they feel they have some stake and where they already know something, we approach these questions not in the abstract but as they have confronted us in three major areas of public controversy. EconomyWe ask whether the American Dream has been associated with the rise of a large and prosperous â€Å"middle class†, and if that version of the Dream is threatened by economic changes currently underway. What kinds of economic conditions are needed to support the Dream? Who can, or should, participate in such prosperity? What is the meaning of participation in an economy, and how is that participation related to different notions of citizenship and community? This unit of the course introduces the basic market model, emphasizing individual choice and the role of prices as transmitters of both information and incentives. We present the case for the proposition that, in the absence of external intervention, individuals acting in pursuit of their own self-interest will realize through market institutions the most efficient allocation of resources. This implies a limited role for government and a tolerance for the economic and political inequalities which are intrinsic to a system of individualized incentives. We present the classic critique of governmental policies aimed at fostering greater equality: such policies are counterproductive insofar as they distort price signals and undermine incentives for the efficient allocation of resources, and are undesirable since they restrict individual liberty. On this view, then, the American Dream entails the protection of individual rights and liberties and a system of opportunity in which individuals are rewarded in proportion to their hard work and merit. America became a wealthy and powerful world leader through the pursuit of this vision of the Dream and, to the extent that we have in recent decades experienced diminished opportunity, prosperity and power, it is because we have strayed from the original version of the Dream. We also present in this unit a view of the American Dream of individual reward and prosperity as embedded in sets of social institutions which unequally allocate power, wealth and knowledge, and which limit opportunities for meaningful self-government. These inequalities are woven through relations of class, race, and gender, and have intensified in recent years as the American economy has become more polarized in terms of power, income and wealth. This view offers its own vision of the American Dream, one which has markedly different political implications from the first view. The political horizon projected by this vision of the Dream constitutes a community of actively self-governing citizens. To the extent that economic institutions foster inequalities which preclude the realization of this Dream of participatory democracy for all citizens, institutional reforms aimed at equalization and democratization are warranted. We then explore some of the reforms proposed by critics of the contemporary American political economy, as well as the concerns which a more individualistic perspective would raise about those proposed reforms. EducationWe look at education as a pathway to a better life for individuals, or as a prerequisite of an actively self-governing community. What kind of educational system do we need in order to fulfill different versions of the Dream? How are different visions of citizenship implicated in contemporary debates about educational reform? We explore problems of unequal access to quality education, both in K-12 public schools and at the college level. We examine analyses which argue that some Americans receive first-rate education at public expense, while there are entire classes of citizens who are not provided with education adequate to enable effective participation in public deliberations, and thereby become disempowered, second-class citizens. Accordingly, some prescribe a more centralized and uniform administration of public education in order to eliminate the grossest inequalities and insure for all citizens the â€Å"equal protection of the laws† promised by the Fourteenth Amendment. We also explore arguments which locate the problems of public school systems in over-centralized and bureaucratized administrations, and which prescribe institutional reforms which move education closer to a competitive market model based upon consumer sovereignty and choice. Finally, we grapple with the dilemmas of affirmative action in college admissions, and ask how a liberal individualist society can cope with persistent inequalities of race in higher education. EnvironmentWe look at the relationship between the natural environment and the American Dream. Can the prevailing vision of the Dream coexist with a healthy environment? Can we imagine more environmentally friendly versions of the Dream? What would be the broader social and political implications of enacting a more environmentally sustainable vision of the American Dream? We examine the anthropocentric view of nature as having value only insofar as it serves human purposes, and which further suggests that the market mechanism is the best way to determine to what extent humans should exploit the natural environment. Establishing property rights over natural resources creates a direct incentive for their wise management. Further, the price signals and incentives of the market will call forth effective substitutes in response to resource shortages and new technologies which may minimize or eliminate our costliest environmental problems. This â€Å"free market environmentalism† is entirely consistent with the individualistic vision of the American Dream, promising consumers a world in which self-interested market behavior continues to generate high standards of living into the indefinite future. This view is encapsulated in Jay Lenno’s snack chip advertisement: â€Å"Eat all you want; we’ll make more†. In contrast to this market-based view, we also examine the perspective of environmentalists who suggest that our relationship with nature is best viewed not in terms of the instrumental exploitation of an external object, but rather as a necessary aspect of any sustainable human community. On this view, then, our obligation as citizens of the community extends to future generations, and we must make environmental decisions based upon social norms of long-term sustainability. Such decisions cannot be made through the instrumental calculus of the market, but must instead be made through processes of public deliberation. This, in turn, requires institutions to support such processes of democratic deliberation and citizens competent to participate in them, and thus also suggests certain linkages to the other units of our course. In addressing each of these critical issues we hope to lead students to ask: What does the American Dream promise? Does it mean individual liberty? Does it mean democracy? Does it mean equality? Does it mean opportunity for material success? A â€Å"middle class† standard of living for most, if not all, citizens? The freedom to succeed or to fail? Freedom from oppression or poverty? Is it a promise of a better life for individuals? A better society in which all of us can live? Is mass consumption a necessary centerpiece of the Dream, or might it involve a more harmonious and balanced relationship with nature? What can, or should, we expect from the American Dream now and in the future? And what do those expectations mean for our own practices of citizenship? In these ways, we try to encourage our students to see this course as being about themselves, their political community and their future. In that sense, the course as a whole represents an invitation to enter into the public deliberations which are at the heart of various understandings of citizenship. ReflectionsI came to these special courses with some modest experience of teaching discussion-oriented and writing-intensive courses. After an introduction to the teaching profession which involved lecturing three times a week to faceless crowds of 250 or so students, I was fortunate to be able to teach international relations for several years in the Syracuse University Honors Program. These were some of the best students at Syracuse, accustomed to putting serious effort into their education and expecting a more intensive learning experience. It was exhilarating, a whole new kind of teaching for me: the students were eager to learn and it seemed as though all I had to do was present them with some challenging material and prompt them with a few provocative questions and off they went, teaching each other and, in the process, teaching me about teaching. Eventually, though, I began to feel a nagging sense of guilt, inchoate at first, increasingly clear later on. I was doing my best teaching with those students who least needed my help. In that sense, I began to feel that I wasn’t really doing my job. Then I was offered the opportunity to join the Maxwell courses. Reflecting back now on five years of continuous teaching with these very special courses, the thing from which I derive the greatest satisfaction is that we have been able to create for a cross-section of first and second year students a learning experience very much like that which was previously the privilege of Honors students. In that sense, our courses have been about the democratization of education, as well as the education of democratization.